This book is compiled on the basis of two academic products. Specially, the five-yearly "European Working Conditions Report" (1990-2015) is the literary foundation of research hypothesis, and the enterprise data provided by the "Annual Report on Social Development in China (2014-2016)" is the design basis of measurement framework. Overall, the logical starting point of this book is hidden in the detailed inquiry about the fall and rise of various subjective and objective indicators as well as changes and reorganization of measurement emphasis of five European Working Environment Reports and how various indicators influence each other. Moreover, the research hypothesis is also originated from whether the European working condition scale is applicable to the quest and measurement of enterprise working conditions in China. And the logical study endpoint of this book could be naturally generated in the design and evolution of how to construct, measure, and verify enterprise working conditions in China. Hence, it will open a door for readers to understand enterprise organization. In this door, all individuals are committed to various jobs with the interaction of structure and system, and their attitudes and behaviors presented in the jobs, or even values revealed are connected to the system and structure of an enterprise organization, showing either a harmonious integration in a unified entity or a huge tension in a rivalry game. Investigating and measuring their mutual influences, and analyzing in what sense the effects of these influences will affect the operation of the organization, and the construction of individual work attitudes and behaviors are not only focuses of this book, but also attempts to study how to nest, organize and operate personnel, systems and revenues in the working condition of various organizations in China.

Focusing on the enterprise working condition, this book lays particular emphases on employees' subjective feelings about the working condition, as well as feedback and evaluation of the enterprise working condition on this basis. The status of working condition in one enterprise, in a sense, can be steadily manifested through individual behaviors and subjective feelings in the organization. On this basis, the overall study framework of this book is manifested in two aspects. On one hand, employees’ subjective feelings of working conditions and its impact on employees' behaviors (research focus) are discussed; on the other hand, the relationship between employees' attitudes and their feelings about the working conditions is also clarified to define the enterprise working condition, and study the conceptual operation and indicator measurement design (difficulty of this research) of the enterprise working condition combing theories and methods.

Based on this overall framework, we attempted to divide the enterprise working conditions into objective working condition, objective organizational condition and subjective psychological condition. Indeed, employees’ most direct feelings about jobs are resulted from the objective organizational environment, including natural workplaces, labor remuneration, working hours, work-life balance, work autonomy, job discrimination, and organizational support. Furthermore, as the internal factor that truly affects employees' feelings about jobs, employees' subjective work experience, or the subjective psychological environment that is composed of career expectations, stress at work, self-esteem at work, job security and efficiency at work, is an internal driving force of employees' work behaviors and experience. Although being outside the boundaries of enterprise organizations, national macroeconomic policies, regulations and laws that are associated with the working conditions of enterprises have a major bearing on the working conditions and development of enterprises as independent indicators of the institutional environment.

Likewise, based on the overall research framework, the structure of the study is designed as follows.

The first part introduces the background of the study on enterprise working environment in China. Also, diachronic changes in the working conditions of workers are sorted out to clarify the use boundary of concepts related to the enterprise working condition. In this way, a simple, sensitive and easy-to-use indicator system can be designed. In the second part, the logical starting point of the study on the enterprise working condition, the structural connotation of the enterprise working condition, and changes of the conceptual framework in the research process of European working conditions are presented using literature review, so as to explore the significance of and enlightenment for the study of enterprise working conditions in China on the basis of reviewing defects and existing problems in the foreign studies concerning the working conditions. In the third part, the current situation and influencing factors of the enterprise working conditions in China are described as a whole based on existing data with focuses on the interrelationships between the working condition indexes and the differences in workers' subjective feelings on factors such as job attributes and organizational types. In the fourth part, the influence of the objective organizational condition in the enterprise working conditions on employee's attitudes are highlighted on the premise of determining that various indicators in the enterprise working conditions are mutually influenced. And then, a variety of factors affecting employee's job presentations are discussed, analyzed and summarized in various dimensions of organizational environment of enterprises.

Based on the studies on the four parts, conclusions are made as follows: (1) the working conditions can be studied from three significantly-correlated dimensions, namely, objective working conditions, objective organizational conditions and subjective psychological conditions; (2) with enterprises employees as respondents, the overall satisfaction of the enterprise working condition is moderate, according to the resulting data. Of which, demographic variables such as gender, age, income, education, and household registration are significantly different; (3) based on the in-depth discussion, macroeconomics, intermediate organizations, and individual psychology have factors affecting employees’ attitudes towards the work condition; and (4) the degree of organizational socialization and the level of social self-esteem of employees have remarkable influences on employee job input based on the specific investigation of the working conditions of enterprise employees within the objective organization and the influences of their behaviors. Enterprise working conditions in China have been studied since 2014 and this year marks the sixth academic year. The work environment scale has been developed from a few hundred variables at the very beginning to a few thousand variables at present. Moreover, the horizon of the study has been also evolved from enterprise organization to various organizations and groups. In the process of variables changing from simplified to complex, or changing from complex to simplified in the future, we always strive for exploring an effective scale that can characterize the interaction law between the organization and its employees as well as predict the organization's future state in accordance with its employees' changes in work attitude and behaviors. However, despite all the apparent changes, what remains unchanged is that subjective feelings of individuals in the organization have been always considered as the rally point and the divergence point of studies. Therefore, this book is compiled for facilitating readers to find out the basis of understanding changes in individual work attitudes and behaviors in the organization and the trend of future changes through the opening, insight and analysis of a black box, the working condition. Undoubtedly, it is expected to understand how individuals are interacted with the organizations and isomorphic with the society through employees' role playing in their respective jobs and organizing socialization.